Intersubjectivity (Intersubjektivitàt) See also solipsism, transcendental intersubjectivity The term 'intersubjectivity' has its origins in German Idealism, especially Fichte, Husserl employs the term

Transcendence (Transzendenz) See also immanence, transcendental idealism 'Transcendence' means literally 'to climb beyond', 'to ascend beyond', 'to step over', 'to step across', to 'surmount', 'to exc

Transcendental (transzendental) See Kant, transcendental philosophy Although the term 'transcendental' is evidently coected with Kant, it is given an original meaning by Husserl. Husserl reproaches

NATURALISM. The view that considers everything exclusively as a natural being, that is, as a spatio-temporal being enmeshed in a causally mechanistic, purely physical world. Whatever exists, on this view, exists as either a physical individual subject to causal laws or as a merely dependent function of physical variations, which variations are themselves goveed by fixed laws. What is most problematic about naturalism in Husserl’s view is its tendency to reduce the psychic to the physical, thereby naturalizing consciousness and collapsing into psychologism. Naturalism, in other words, both fails to grasp the psychic properly and collapses all ideal laws, most importantly, those of logic, and all ideal norms into merely empirical laws and normative generalizations. See also NATURAL SCIENCE.

NATURALISTIC ATTITUDE. The naturalistic attitude is a species of the natural attitude, and it is contrasted with the personalistic attitude. Someone unreflectively experiencing objects in the naturalistic attitude takes physical nature to exhaust reality, where physical nature is understood as the domain which is the object of the natural sciences, including empirical psychology. In the naturalistic attitude, one takes the constructions of science as the “real,” and replaces the world as lived, with its cultural objects that are human achievements having functional and axiological attributes, with the world as mere material nature. The naturalistic attitude absolutizes nature, the merely physical world. See also PHENOMENOLOGICAL ATTITUDE; TRANSCENDENTAL ATTITUDE.

NATURAL ATTITUDE. The natural attitude takes for granted both the existence of the world in which the objects of a subject’s experiences are thought to exist and the validity of the subject’s judgment

PHENOMENOLOGICAL ATTITUDE. Adopted by means of the performance of the phenomenological reduction, the phenomenological attitude is the reflective attitude in which one carries out phenomenological analysis. It attends to the intentional correlation between consciousness and the world, and its interest is in descriptively identifying and evidently grasping essential truths about the structures of that correlation. See also TRANSCENDENTAL ATTITUDE.

TRANSCENDENTAL ATTITUDE. The transcendental attitude is the philosophical attitude adopted by performing the transcendental reduction. It is that reflective attitude in which one attends to consciousness as the subjectivity that discloses the world. In the transcendental attitude, therefore, attention is directed to the intentional correlation between consciousness and its objects. Properly conceived, the transcendental attitude is identical to the phenomenological attitude.

Psychologism (Psychologismus) See also Frege, idealities, logic, psychology, relativism Psychologism is the doctrine that the laws of mathematics and logic can be reduced to or depend on the laws gove

Condition 1: It is the highest level at which a single mental image can represent the entire category. For example, you can get a mental image of a chair. You can get mental images of other categories